Herbicide combinations comprising glufosinate and pyraflufen-ethyl

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to specific herbicide combinations comprising (i) L-glufosinate and/or salts thereof and (ii) pyraflufen-ethyl in specific ratios, and to compositions comprising said herbicide combinations in these ratios. The present invention further relates to a method of producing said specific herbicide combinations and compositions comprising said specific herbicide combinations. The present invention also relates to the use of said specific herbicide combinations and compositions comprising said specific herbicide combinations in the field of agriculture, for controlling harmful plants or undesired plant growth, as well as to corresponding methods.

The present invention relates to specific herbicide combinationscomprising (i) the herbicide glufosinate, especially the L-glufosinateand/or salts thereof, and (ii) and a second herbicide selected from theclass of protoporphyrinogen-IX oxidase inhibitors, which ispyraflufen-ethyl, characterized in that the herbicide (i) and theherbicide (ii) are combined in specific ratios. The present inventionrelates as well to compositions comprising said specific ratios of suchherbicide combinations. The present invention further relates to amethod of producing said specific herbicide combinations andcompositions comprising said specific herbicide combinations. Thepresent invention also relates to the use of said specific herbicidecombinations and compositions comprising said specific herbicidecombinations in the field of agriculture and for controlling harmfulplants or undesired plant growth, as well as to corresponding methods.

Component (i) of the herbicide combination according to the presentinvention is glufosinate, especially L-glufosinate and/or agronomicallyacceptable salts thereof.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,168,963 describes phosphorus-containing compounds withherbicidal activity, of which, in particular, phosphinothricin(2-amino-4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl]butanoic acid; common name:glufosinate) and its salts have acquired commercial importance in theagrochemistry (agricultural chemistry) sector.

Glufosinate, with IUPAC-Name:(2RS)-2-amino-4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl]butyric acid or4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl]-DL-homoalanine, CAS Reg. No. 51276-47-2)and with common nameDL-4-[hydroxyl(methyl)phosphinoyl]-DL-homoalaninate, is known, as wellas agronomically acceptable salts thereof, in particularglufosinate-ammonium (IUPAC-Name: ammonium(2RS)-2-amino-4-(methylphosphinato)butyric acid, CAS Reg. No.77182-82-2).

For example, glufosinate and its salts—such as glufosinate ammonium—andits herbicidal activity have been described e.g. by F. Schwerdtle et al.Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzenschutz, 1981, Sonderheft IX, pp. 431-440.Glufosinate as racemate and its salts are commercially available underthe tradenames Basta™ and Liberty™.

Hoerlein et al., in Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. Vol. 138, 1994)“Glufosinate (phosphinothricin), a natural amino acid with unexpectedherbicidal properties”, discusses the glutamate synthesis inhibitorglufosinate.

Glufosinate is represented by the following structure (1):

The compound of formula (1) is a racemate.

Glufosinate is a racemate of two enantiomers, out of which only oneshows sufficient herbicidal activity (see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,265,654and JP92448/83). Even though various methods to prepare L-glufosinate(and respective salts) are known (e.g. U.S. Ser. No. 10/260,078 B2), themixtures known in the art do not point at the stereochemistry, meaningthat the racemate is present (e.g. WO 2003024221, WO 2011104213, WO2016113334, WO 2009141367).

In one embodiment, and if not otherwise defined, the abovementionedinvention relates to herbicidal glufosinate mixtures as described above,wherein the glufosinate comprises about 50% by weight of theL-enantiomer and about 50% by weight of the D-enantiomer.

L-glufosinate, with IUPAC-Name(2S)-2-amino-4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl]butyric acid (CAS Reg. No.35597-44-5) and also called glufosinate-P, can be obtained commerciallyor may be prepared for example as described in WO2006/104120, U.S. Pat.No. 5,530,142, EP0248357A2, EP0249188A2, EP0344683A2, EP0367145A2,EP0477902A2, EP0127429 and J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 1992,1525-1529.

Thus, the present invention may refer to both possibilities, namely toglufosinate mixtures, which would comprise about 50% by weight of theL-enantiomer and to L-glufosinate mixtures. This may be representedespecially, but without being limited to, by the term (L-)glufosinate.

Preferably, the agronomically acceptable salts of glufosinate orL-glufosinate are the sodium, potassium or ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) salts ofglufosinate or L-glufosinate, in particular glufosinate-P-ammonium(IUPAC-Name: ammonium (2S)-2-amino-4-(methylphosphinato)butyric acid,CAS Reg. No. 73777-50-1), glufosinate-P-sodium (IUPAC-Name: sodium(2S)-2-amino-4-(methylphosphinato)butyric acid; CAS Reg. No. 70033-13-5)and glufosinate-P-potassium (IUPAC-Name: potassium(2S)-2-amino-4-(methylphosphinato)butyric acid) for L-glufosinate.

Hence, mixtures according to the present invention may contain(L-)glufosinate-ammonium or (L-)glufosinate-sodium or(L-)glufosinate-potassium as (L-)glufosinate salts and (L-)glufosinateas free acid. Especially preferred are mixtures, which contain(L-)glufosinate-ammonium as L-glufosinate salt. Especially preferred aswell are mixtures, which contain (L-)glufosinate-potassium asL-glufosinate salt.

Herbicidally active compounds belonging to the class ofprotoporphyrinogen-IX oxidase inhibitors, also called as PPO-inhibitors,as well as their pesticidal action and methods for producing them aregenerally known, for example in the Pesticide Manual V5.2 (ISBN 978 1901396 85 0) (2008-2011) amongst other sources.

Herbicidally active compounds belonging to the class ofprotoporphyrinogen-IX oxidase inhibitors, also called as PPO-inhibitorsis also known in C. Zagar, R. Liebl, G. Theodoridis, M. Witschel,Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase inhibitors, in: P. Jeschke, M. Witschel,W. Kraemer, U. Schirmer (Eds.), Modern Crop Protection Compounds, 3^(rd)Edition, Weinheim, 2019, p. 173-211

WO 2019030098 discloses herbicidal mixtures comprising L-glufosinate andprotoporphyrinogen-IX oxidase inhibitors without differentiating betweenthe application of glufosinate or its L-isomer, and thereby also notvarying accordingly the specific rates of application for glufosinate orL-glufosinate and PPO inhibitor. The disclosure therein relatesespecially to methods for controlling undesirable vegetation in burndownprograms, in industrial vegetation management and forestry, in vegetableand perennial crops and in turf and lawn.

EP1206907 discloses herbicidal mixture comprising a phenylpyrazolederivative of an organophosphorus herbicide and a surfactant mixturecomprising ethylenediamine alkoxylate and an alcohol alkoxylate withoutdifferentiating between the application of glufosinate or its L-isomer,and thereby also not varying accordingly the specific rates ofapplication for glufosinate or L-glufosinate and PPO inhibitor.

Prior art publications CN 103371176A, De 19836700A1 and Miura et al.:“Development of a new herbicide, Pyraflufenpethyl”, J. pestic. Sci., 1Jan. 2003 generally describe Glufocinate/L-Glufocinate and/or PPOinhibitors or mixture thereof. However, none of the cited documentdisclose the combination of the present invention with specific mixtureratios and any synergistic effect associated with it.

However, although combinations of (L-)glufosinate withprotoporphyrinogen-IX oxidase inhibitors have been described in general,the application of specific ratios of the two compounds, (L-)glufosinateand pyraflufen-ethyl and their efficacy have not yet been disclosed anddiscussed to the extend as can be shown for the present invention.

It has now surprisingly been found that the application of specificratios of the two compounds, (L-)glufosinate and pyraflufen-ethyl, canachieve unexpectedly syngergistic results in their herbicidal activity,especially if the ratio of (L-)glufosinate being present is considerablyhigher compared to the ratio of the protoporphyrinogen-IX oxidaseinhibitor.

Furthermore, if the absolute rate of (L-)glufosinate being applied is ina certain ratio higher compared to the absolute rate of theprotoporphyrinogen-IX oxidase inhibitor being applied, then the absoluteconventionally applied rate of the PPO-inhibitor can be significantlylowered. For example, if the PPO inhibitor would conventionally beapplied in an absolute rate of approximately 25 g/ha, then this rate canbe lowered down to 60%, meaning that by combining the PPO inhibitor with(L)glufosinate, the absolute application rate of the PPO inhibitor couldgo down to 15 g/ha. From agricultural aspects, this would be desirable.However, the observed effects may vary depending on the crops, which aretreated.

In their application, herbicidal crop protection agents (herbicides)known to date for controlling harmful plants or unwanted vegetation,e.g. in permanent crops or on permanent cropland, have somedisadvantages, be it (I) that they have no or else insufficientherbicidal activity against specific harmful plants, (II) that thespectrum of harmful plants which can be controlled with the herbicidesis not broad enough, (III) that the selectivity of herbicides in and thecompatibility with (young) plantation crops is too low, thereby causingunwanted damage and/or unwanted reduced harvest yields of the (young)plantation crops, (IV) that the initial herbicidal activity is not highor not strong enough and/or (V) that the herbicidal activity does notlast long enough.

Overall, the herbicidal activity, i.e. one or more of the above aspects(I), (II) (III), (IV) and/or (V) of the herbicides like (L-)glufosinate(and/or agronomically acceptable salts thereof) used so far still allowsome improvement, and although the combination with other herbicides forachieving such improvements is known, it is still surprising andnon-obvious, that the fine-tuning of ratios of known herbicidalcombinations may still exhibit an improved herbicidal activity and maybe able to control harmful plants or unwanted vegetation in an even moreeffective and more efficient manner than expected.

The present invention primarily relates to a combination of herbicides,or to a “herbicide combination” of

(i) glufosinate, especially L-glufosinate, and/or agronomicallyacceptable salts thereof, and

(ii) pyraflufen-ethyl,

wherein the ratio by weight of the total amount of component (i) is atleast 100 times more than the total amount of component (ii) in case (i)is glufosinate and/or agronomically acceptable salts thereof, and atleast 50 times more in case (i) is L-glufosinate and/or agronomicallyacceptable salts thereof.

The present invention relates to a combination of herbicides, or to a“herbicide combination” of

(i) glufosinate, especially L-glufosinate, and/or agronomicallyacceptable salts thereof,

and a

(ii) pyraflufen-ethyl,

wherein the ratio by weight of the total amount of component (i)compared to the total amount of component (ii) is at maximum 3000 timeshigher in case (i) is glufosinate and/or agronomically acceptable saltsthereof, and at maximum 1500 times higher in case (i) is L-glufosinateand/or agronomically acceptable salts thereof.

The present invention preferably relates to a combination of herbicides,or to a “herbicide combination” of

(i) glufosinate, especially L-glufosinate, and/or agronomicallyacceptable salts thereof,

and a

(ii) pyraflufen-ethyl,

wherein the ratio by weight of the total amount of component (i)compared to the total amount of component (ii) is at maximum 1500 timeshigher in case (i) is glufosinate and/or agronomically acceptable saltsthereof, and at maximum 750 times higher in case (i) is L-glufosinateand/or agronomically acceptable salts thereof.

When reference is made to specific ratios and values of glufosinate, theassumption is made, that glufosinate is a racemic mixture of theD-enantiomer (50%) and the L-enantiomer (50%).

When reference is made to specific ratios and values of L-glufosinate,the assumption is made, that L-glufosinate is present inenantio-enriched (>50% L-glufosinate) or enantio-pure (100%L-glufosinate) form, preferably with an enantiomer ratio of at least 80%L-glufosinate and no more than 20% D-glufosinate, more preferably atleast 90% L-glufosinate and no more than 10% D-glufosinate, and evenmore preferably at least 95% L-glufosinate and no more than 5%D-glufosinate.

More preferably, the ratio by weight of the total amount of component(i) to the total amount of component (ii) in a herbicide combinationaccording to the present invention is in the range of from 3000:1 to100:1, also more preferably 3000:1 to 2000:1 and even more preferably inthe range of from 1500:1 to 250:1 if (i) is glufosinate (and/oragronomically acceptable salts thereof), and in the range of from 1500:1to 50:1, even more preferably in the range of from 750:1 to 125:1 if (i)is L-glufosinate (and/or agronomically acceptable salts thereof).

Further, the present invention also relates to a composition comprisinga herbicide combination as defined hereinabove or hereinafter.

Therefore, the ratio by weight of the total amount of component (i) tothe total amount of component (ii) in a herbicide combination accordingto the present invention show surprisingly unexpected results in theefficacy of the herbicidal activity, and is therefore defined accordingin the ranges outlined above

The herbicide combinations and the compositions comprising saidherbicide combinations in accordance with the present invention exhibitan excellent herbicidal activity in controlling harmful plants orunwanted vegetation.

It has been found that the efficacy of pyraflufen-ethyl can be improvedby combining pyraflufen-ethyl with (L-)glufosinate and/or agronomicallyacceptable salts thereof in the ratio by weight as specified in thecontext of the present invention.

The (use of a) herbicide combination according to the present inventionand the (use of a) composition comprising the herbicide combination asdefined in the context of the present invention show remarkablyhigher/stronger initial herbicidal activity (see above mentioned aspect(IV)) than the individual components alone.

The (use of a) herbicide combination according to the present inventionand the (use of a) composition comprising the herbicide combination asdefined in the context of the present invention show remarkably longerlasting herbicidal activity (see above mentioned aspect (V)) thanpyraflufen-ethyl or L-glufosinate and/or agronomically acceptable saltsthereof alone. For example, said longer lasting herbicidal activityresults in the substantial retardation or substantial suppression ofregrowth of the harmful or undesired plants and/or substantialretardation or substantial suppression of germination of the harmful orundesired plants.

The (use of a) herbicide combination according to the present inventionand the (use of a) composition comprising the herbicide combination asdefined in the context of the present invention is characterized by anoverall more rapidly commencing (i.e. earlier and faster) and a morelong-lasting herbicidal action, in comparison to pyraflufen-ethyl orL-glufosinate and/or agronomically acceptable salts thereof alone, whenapplied to harmful or undesired plants, parts of said harmful orundesired plants, or the area where the harmful or undesired plantsgrow, for example the area under cultivation, especially inpost-emergence application.

Nevertheless, also pyraflufen-ethyl (component (ii) as defined in thecontext of the present invention) enhances, extends, and/or prolongs theherbicidal activity of L-glufosinate and/or agronomically acceptablesalts thereof (component (i) as defined in the context of the presentinvention).

The (use of a) herbicide combination according to the present inventionand the (use of a) composition comprising the herbicide combination asdefined in the context of the present invention also allow goodselectivity in and the compatibility with (young) plantation crops (seeabove mentioned aspect (III)), thereby avoiding or reducing unwanteddamage and/or unwanted reduced harvest yields of the (young) plantationcrops.

If a herbicide combination (used) according to the present invention orif a composition comprising the herbicide combination (used) in thecontext of the present invention is applied to the green parts of theharmful plants or undesired plants, growth likewise stops drastically avery short time after the treatment; typically, they die completelyafter a certain time, so that in this manner competition by the weeds,which is harmful to the (permanent) crops, is eliminated at a very earlypoint in time and in a sustained manner.

The present invention also relates to a composition as defined herein inthe context of the present invention which additionally comprises one ormore further components selected from the group consisting offormulation auxiliaries as well as additives customary in cropprotection, and, optionally, further agrochemically active compounds(i.e. agrochemically active compounds different from components (i) and(ii) as defined above, i.e. agrochemically active compounds other than(i) glufosinate and/or agronomically acceptable salts, L-glufosinate andagronomically acceptable salts thereof and (ii) pyraflufen-ethyl).

However, when a combination of herbicides used in the context of thepresent invention consists of herbicides (i) glufosinate/L-glufosinateand/or agronomically acceptable salts thereof and (ii) pyraflufen-ethyl,this means that in such a case the combination of herbicides used in thecontext of the present invention or the composition comprising saidcombination of herbicides used in the context of the present inventiondoes not contain any further (i.e. no additional) herbicidal activeingredient, and preferably does not contain any further agrochemicallyactive compound. Such combinations of herbicides consisting of (i)glufosinate/L-glufosinate and/or agronomically acceptable salts thereof(L-glufosinate-ammonium being preferred) and (ii) pyraflufen-ethyl areparticularly preferred in the context of the present invention.

In this context, the term “further herbicidal active ingredient” and“further agrochemically active compound” refers to the herbicides andagrochemically active compounds (pesticides), respectively, listed in“The Pesticide Manual”, 16th edition, The British Crop ProtectionCouncil and the Royal Soc. of Chemistry, 2012 other than glufosinate andagronomically acceptable salts, L-glufosinate and agronomicallyacceptable salts thereof, and pyraflufen-ethyl.

In a preferred composition according to the present invention, the totalamount of component (i) is between 100 and 600 g/L (g/L=gram per litre),more preferably between 150 and 500 g/L, in each case based on the totalamount of the composition.

In a preferred composition according to the present invention, the totalamount of com-ponent (ii) is in the range of from 0.03 to 6 g/L,preferably in the range of from 0.1 to 2 g/L, if (i) is glufosinate(and/or agronomically acceptable salts thereof), and in the range from0.7 to 12 g/L, preferably in the range of from 0.2 to 4 g/L, if (i) isL-glufosinate (and/or agronomically acceptable salts thereof), in eachcase based on the total amount of the composition.

Preferably, a composition according to the present invention is acomposition, wherein

the total amount of component (i)

is in the range from 100 to 600 g/L, preferably in the range from 150 to500 g/L,

and

the total amount of component (ii) is

in the range of from 0.03 to 6 g/L, preferably in the range of from 0.1to 2 g/L, if (i) is glufosinate (and/or agronomically acceptable saltsthereof), and in the range from 0.7 to 12 g/L, preferable in the rangefrom 0.2 to 4 g/L, if (i) is L-glufosinate (and/or agronomicallyacceptable salts thereof).

The present invention preferably relates to the use of a combination ofherbicides or to the use of a composition comprising a combination ofherbicides as defined in the context of the present invention, in or onpermanent cropland, or on permanent crops.

A permanent crop is one produced from plants which last for manyseasons, rather than being replanted after each harvest. Permanent cropsare grown on permanent crop land in the form of agricultural land thatincludes grasslands and shrublands, e.g. used to grow grape vines orcoffee; orchards used to grow fruit or olives; and forested plantations,e.g. used to grow nuts or rubber. It does not include, however, treefarms intended to be used for wood or timber.

Preferred permanent croplands in the context of the present inventionare plantations, grasslands and shrublands. Preferably, the permanentcrops in the context of the present invention are plantation crops, andpreferably are selected from the group consisting fruit crops andorchard crops (preferably fruit trees, citrus trees, mango trees, olivetrees, grape vines, coffee, cocoa, tea, and berries (such asstrawberries, raspberries, blueberries and currants)), Musaceae sp.crops (for example banana or plantain crops), nut trees (preferablyalmond trees, walnut trees, pistachio trees, pecan trees, hazelnuttrees), oil palm trees, rubber trees, sugarcane and cotton.

More preferably, the permanent crops in the context of the presentinvention are fruit trees (preferably pome fruit trees and stone fruittrees; preferred fruit trees are apple trees, pear trees, apricot trees,plum trees, cherry trees, peach trees), olive trees, grape vines,coffee, tea), Musaceae sp. crops (preferably banana crops or plantaincrops), nut trees (preferably almond trees, walnut trees, pistachiotrees, pecan trees, hazelnut trees), oil palm trees, rubber trees, andcitrus crops (preferably lemon, orange or grapefruit crops).

Even more preferably, the permanent crops in the context of the presentinvention are selected from the group consisting of apple trees, peartrees, apricot trees, plum trees, cherry trees, peach trees, olivetrees, grape vines, coffee, tea, banana crops, nut trees (preferablyalmond trees, walnut trees, pistachio trees), oil palm trees, rubbertrees, and citrus crops (preferably lemon, orange or grapefruit crops).

Particularly preferably, the permanent crops in the context of thepresent invention are selected from the group consisting of apple trees,pear trees, apricot trees, plum trees, cherry trees, peach trees, olivetrees, grape vines, coffee, tea, banana crops, almond trees, walnuttrees, oil palm trees, rubber trees, lemon crops, orange crops andgrapefruit crops The present invention preferably also relates to theuse of a combination of herbicides or to the use of a compositioncomprising a combination of herbicides as defined in the context of thepresent invention on row crops and as well on speciality crops.

Row crops can be planted in rows wide enough to allow it to be tilled orotherwise cultivated by agricultural machinery, machinery tailored forthe seasonal activities of row crops. The particularity of row crops isthat they are planted and cultivated on a seasonal or yearly basis.Therefore, such crops yield products and profit relatively quickly andpredictably. A row crop is one produced from plants which last for manyseasons, rather than being re-planted after each harvest. Examples ofrow crops include soybeans, corn, canola, cotton, cereals or rice, butas well sunflower, potato, dry bean, field pea, flax, safflower,buckwheat and sugar beets.

Mixtures of (L-)glufosinate or its salt and a PPO-inhibitorpyraflufen-ethyl as herbicidal compound II show enhanced herbicideaction against undesirable vegetation in pre-plant burn-down prior toplanting of conventional soybeans and soybeans that are tolerant againstherbicides including glufosinate and in post-emergence use inglufosinate tolerant soybeans and/or show superior compatibility withsoybeans, i.e. their use leads to a reduced damage of the soybean plantsand/or does not result in increased damage of the soybean plants, ifcompared to L-glufosinate or its salts alone.

The abovementioned properties and advantages are necessary underpractical weed control conditions to keep the soybeans free fromundesired competing plants and thus to guarantee and/or increase theyields from the qualitative and quantitative point of view. These novelcombinations markedly exceed the technical state of the art with a viewto the properties described.

While the active compounds of the inventive mixtures have an outstandingherbicidal activity against monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds,the tolerant, or cross-tolerant, glufosinate tolerant soybeans aredamaged only to a minor extent, or not at all.

Tolerant or resistant soybean varieties (e.g. transgenic soybeanvarieties) provide the option to use herbicides, which are originallynot selective, in respective tolerant or resistant soybeans in additionto conventional weed control system. One example is glufosinate whichcan not only be used for pre-plant burn-down both in conventionalsoybeans and soybeans that are tolerant against herbicides includingglufosinate; but which can also achieve effective weed control bypost-emergence application in glufosinate tolerant soybeans. Glufosinateis a broad-spectrum herbicide that controls most grass and broadleafherbicide species; however, there are a few tough to control species orresistant biotypes that it does not fully control. Another challenge isthe duration of action, or the degradation rate of the herbicide.Furthermore, changes in the sensitivity of harmful plants, which mayoccur upon prolonged use of the herbicides or within a geographicallimited area, must also be taken into consideration. The resulting lossof action against individual plants can sometimes compensated for to acertain extent by higher application rates of the herbicides. However,there is always a demand for methods to achieve the herbicidal ef-fectwith lower application rates of active compounds to reduce not only theamount of an active compound required for application, but also theamount of formulation auxiliaries. Thus, low ap-plication rates are foreconomic and environmental reasons an object eco-friendliness of theherbicide treatment.

Hence, as mentioned above, the inventive mixtures are suitable forcontrolling a large number of harmful plants in glufosinate tolerantsoybeans.

Thus, the term “glufosinate tolerant soybeans” as used herein includesalso (soybean) plants which have been modified by mutagenesis, geneticengineering or breeding and mutation selection techniques in order toprovide a new trait to a plant or to modify an already present trait.

Mutagenesis includes techniques of random mutagenesis using X-rays ormutagenic chemicals, but also techniques of targeted mutagenesis, inorder to create mutations at a specific locus of a plant genome.Targeted mutagenesis techniques frequently use oligonucleotides orproteins like CRISPR/Cas, zinc-finger nucleases, TALENs or meganucleasesto achieve the targeting effect.

Genetic engineering usually uses recombinant DNA techniques to createmodifications in a plant genome which under natural circumstances cannotreadily be obtained by cross breeding, mu-tagenesis or naturalrecombination. Typically, one or more genes are integrated into thegenome of a plant in order to add a trait or improve a trait. Theseintegrated genes are also referred to as transgenes in the art, whileplant comprising such transgenes are referred to as transgenic plants.The process of plant transformation usually produces severaltransformation events, which differ in the genomic locus in which atransgene has been integrated. Plants comprising a specific transgene ona specific genomic locus are usually described as comprising a specific“event”, which is referred to by a specific event name.

Glufosinate tolerance has been created by using mutagenesis as well asusing genetic engineer-ing. Transgenic soybean events comprisingglufosinate tolerance genes are for example, but not excluding others,A2704-12 (event code: ACS-GMØØ5-3, gene: pat, e.g. commerciallyavaila-ble as Liberty Link™ soybean), A2704-21 (event code: ACS-GMØØ4-2,gene: pat, e.g. com-mercially available as Liberty Link™ soybean),A5547-127 (event code: ACS-GMØØ6-4, gene: pat, e.g. commerciallyavailable as Liberty Link™ soybean), A5547-35 (event code: ACS-GMØØ8-6,gene: pat, e.g. commercially available as Liberty Link™ soybean), GU262(event code: ACS-GMØØ3-1, gene: pat, e.g. commercially available asLiberty Link™ soybean), W62 (event code: ACS-GMØØ2-9, gene: pat, e.g.commercially available as Liberty Link™ soybean), W98 (event code:ACS-GMØØ1-8, gene: pat, e.g. commercially available as Liberty Link™soybean), DAS68416-4 (event code: DAS-68416-4, gene: pat, e.g.commercially available as Enlist™ Soybean), DAS44406-6 (event code:DAS-444Ø6-6, gene: pat), DAS68416-4×MON89788 (event code:DAS-68416-4×MON-89788-1, gene: pat), SYHTØH2 (event code: SYN-ØØØH2-5,gene: pat), DAS81419×DAS44406-6 (event code: DAS-81419-2×DAS444Ø6-6,gene: pat) and FG72×A5547-127 (event code: MST-FGØ72-3×ACS-GMØØ6-4,gene: pat).

In other aspects, soybeans of the invention include those plants whichhave been subject-ed to genetic modifications other than glufosinatetolerance by breeding, mutagenesis or genetic engineering, e.g. havebeen rendered tolerant to applications of specific other classes ofherbicides, such as PPO inhibitors (e. g. saflufenacil,trifludimoxazin), AHAS inhibitors; auxinic herbicides such as dicamba or2,4-D; bleaching herbicides such as hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase(HPPD) inhibitors (e. g. isoxaflutol, mesotrione, tembotrione,topramezone, bicyclopyrone) or phytoene desaturase (PDS) inhibitors;EPSPS inhibitors such as glyphosate; glutamine synthetase (GS)inhibitors such as glufosinate; lipid biosynthesis inhibitors such asacetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors such as “dims” {e.g.,cycloxydim, sethoxydim, clethodim, or tepraloxydim), “fops” {e.g.,clodinafop, diclofop, fluazifop, haloxyfop, or quizalofop), and “dens”(such as pinoxaden); or oxynil {i.e. bromoxynil or ioxynil) herbicidesas a result of conventional methods of breeding or genetic engineering,Thus, soybeans of the invention can be made resistant to multipleclasses of herbicides through multiple genetic modifications, such asfor example resistance to both glyphosate and dicamba (e. g. Xtend®soybeans); glyphosate, 2,4-D and “fop” herbicides (e. g. Enlist®soybeans); glyphosate and glufosinate; glyphosate and HPPD inhibitorssuch as isoxaflutol (e. g. GT27® soybeans, Balance® GT soybeans);glyphosate, glufosinate and HPPD inhibitors such as isoxaflutol (e. g.FG72×LL55 soybeans); glufosinate and HPPD inhibitors such as isoxaflutolor mesotrione (e. g. MGI soybeans); glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba andHPPD inhibitors such as isoxaflutol or mesotrione; glyphosate, dicambaand glufosinate; glyphosate and PPO inhibitors; glufosinate and PPOinhibitors; glyphosate, glufosinate and PPO inhibitors; glyphosate,dicamba and PPO inhibitors; glyphosate, 2,4-D, “fop” herbicides and PPOinhibitors; glyphosate, dicamba, glufosinate and PPO inhibitors;glyphosate, 2,4-D, “fop” herbicides, glufosinate and PPO inhibitors;glyphosate, PPO inhibitors and HPPD inhibitors; glufosinate, HPPDinhibitors and PPO inhibitors; glyphosate, glufosinate, HPPD inhibi-torsand PPO inhibitors; glyphosate, dicamba, HPPD inhibitors and PPOinhibitors; glyphosate, 2,4-D, “fop” herbicides, HPPD inhibitors and PPOinhibitors; glyphosate, dicamba, glufosinate, HPPD inhibitors and PPOinhibitors; glyphosate, 2,4-D, “fop” herbicides, glufosinate, HPPDin-hibitors and PPO inhibitors; or to one of the aforementioned soybeansthat are tolerant to further classes of herbicides such as AHASinhibitors or ACCase inhibitors. These herbicide resistance technologiesare, for example, described in Pest Management Science (at volume, year,page): 61, 2005, 246; 61, 2005, 258; 61, 2005, 277; 61, 2005, 269; 61,2005, 286; 64, 2008, 326; 64, 2008, 332; Weed Science 57, 2009, 108;Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, 2007, 708; Science 316,2007, 1185; and references quoted therein.

In addition to these classes of inhibitors, soybeans of the inventionmay also be tolerant to herbicides having other modes of action, forexample, chlorophyll/carotenoid pigment inhibitors, cell membranedisrupters, photosynthesis inhibitors, cell division inhibitors, rootinhibitors, shoot in-hibitors, and combinations thereof.

Such additional tolerance traits may be expressed, e.g.: as mutant orwildtype PPO proteins, as mutant AHASL proteins, mutant ACCase proteins,mutant EPSPS proteins, or mutant glutamine synthetase proteins; or asmutant native, inbred, or transgenic aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase (AADor DHT), haloarylnitrilase (BXN), 2,2-dichloropropionic aciddehalogenase (DEH), glypho-sate-N-acetyltransferase (GAT), glyphosatedecarboxylase (GDC), glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX),glutathione-S-transferase (GST), phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PATor bar), or CYP450s proteins having an herbicide-degrading activity.

Glufosinate tolerant soybeans hereof can also be stacked with othertraits including, but not lim-ited to, pesticidal traits such as Bt Cryand other proteins having pesticidal activity toward coleop-teran,lepidopteran, nematode, or other pests; nutrition or nutraceuticaltraits such as modified oil content or oil profile traits, high proteinor high amino acid concentration traits, and other trait types known inthe art.

Specialty crops are to be understood as fruits, vegetables or otherspeciality or plantation permanent crops such as trees, nuts, vines,(dried) fruits, ornamentals, oil palm, banana, rubber, sugarcane and thelike, Horticulture and nursery crops, including floriculture, may alsofall under the definition of speciality crops. Vegetable crops includesfor example aubergine, beans, bell pepper, cabbage, chili, cucumber,eggplant, lettuce, melon, onion, potato, sweet potato, spinach andtomato. Plants being considered specialty crops are in generalintensively cultivated. For weed control in vegetable crops, it may bedesirable to shield the crops from contact with the spray solution thatcontains the herbicidal mixture according to the present invention.

In general, the crops which may be treated according to the presentinvention, may be of conventional origin or may be herbicide tolerantcrops.

According to the present invention the expression “composition” includescompositions comprising a herbicide combination as defined herein, andcan be used in various acceptable or agronomically typical forms andformulations, for example in a single “ready-mix” form.

The herbicides (i) and (ii) used in the herbicide combinations used inthe context of the present invention and the compositions comprising theherbicide combinations used in the context of the present invention maybe a combined spray mixture composed from separate formulations of thesingle active compounds, such as a “tank-mix”, or said composition canbe a combined use of the single active ingredients when applied in asequential manner, i.e. one after the other within a reasonably shortperiod, such as a few hours (and preferably less than 24 hours).

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the herbicides (i) and (ii) asdefined herein are used together, i.e. at the same time. Thus, in aparticularly preferred embodiment, the compositions as defined in thecontext of the present invention are used.

Preferably, the combination of herbicides according to the presentinvention (preferably in one of the preferred embodiments definedherein) and the compositions according to the present invention(preferably in one of the preferred embodiments defined herein) areeasily and readily obtained, by combining the components (i) and (ii) inthe ratio by weight as defined in the context of the present invention,for example by mixing the appropriate amounts if components (i) and(ii).

Thus, in a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method forproducing a combination of herbicides according to the present invention(preferably in one of the preferred embodiments defined herein) and to amethod of producing the compositions according to the present invention(preferably in one of the preferred embodiments defined herein),comprising the steps of

(a) providing component (i),

(b) providing component (ii), and

(c) combining component (i) and component (ii),

such that a combination of herbicides according to the present invention(preferably in one of the preferred embodiments defined herein) or acomposition according to the present invention (preferably in one of thepreferred embodiments defined herein) is obtained.

As mentioned above, the effects observed when using the herbicidecombinations as defined according to the present invention or thecompositions according to the present invention allow a more potentherbicidal action (in particular a higher/stronger initial herbicidalactivity), an extended herbicidal activity period and/or a reducednumber of required individual applications and—as a result—moreadvantageous weed control systems both from an economical and ecologicalpoint of view.

In a preferred embodiment, the herbicide combination (used) inaccordance with the present invention or the composition comprising theherbicides (i) and (ii) (used) in accordance with the present inventionis applied once, twice or three times per Gregorian calendar year, i.e.in one application, in two applications or in three applications peryear according to the Gregorian calendar.

In a preferred embodiment, the herbicide combination (used) inaccordance with the present invention or the composition comprising theherbicides (i) and (ii) (used) in accordance with the present inventionis applied twice per Gregorian calendar year, i.e. in two applicationsper year according to the Gregorian calendar.

In an alternatively preferred embodiment, the herbicide combination(used) in accordance with the present invention or the compositioncomprising the herbicides (i) and (ii) (used) in accordance with thepresent invention is applied one time per Gregorian calendar year, i.e.in one application per year according to the Gregorian calendar.

In a preferred embodiment, the herbicide combination (used) inaccordance with the present invention or the composition comprising theherbicides (i) and (ii) (used) in accordance with the present inventionis applied one time in about 12 months, i.e. in one application in about12 months.

In an alternative preferred embodiment, the herbicide combination (used)in accordance with the present invention or the composition comprisingthe herbicides (i) and (ii) (used) in accordance with the presentinvention is applied between one and ten times per Gregorian calendaryear, i.e. in up to ten applications per year according to the Gregoriancalendar. This alternative preferred method is of particular usefulnessin permanent crops, in particular those grown under tropical conditions;in which case weeds grow vigorously at any time of the year, andherbicide applications are to be repeated as soon as the previoustreatment loses its effectiveness and weeds start to regrow.

The herbicide combinations according to the present invention and thecompositions comprising the herbicides (i) and (ii) as defined in thecontext of the present invention are preferably used in post-emergenceapplications.

The combination of herbicides as defined in the context of the presentinvention or the composition according to the present invention have anoutstanding herbicidal activity against a broad spectrum of economicallyimportant harmful monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous harmful plants.Also here, post-emergence application is preferred.

Specifically, examples may be mentioned of some representatives of themonocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weed flora which can be controlledby the combinations according to the invention, without the enumerationbeing a restriction to certain species.

In the context of the present text, reference may be made to growthstages according to the BBCH monograph “Growth stages of mono-anddicotyledonous plants”, 2^(nd) edition, 2001, ed.

Uwe Meier, Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture andForestry (Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land und Forstwirtschaft).

Examples of monocotyledonous harmful plants on which the herbicidalcombinations and compositions according to the present invention actefficiently are from amongst the genera Hordeum spp., Echinochloa spp.,Poa spp., Bromus spp., Digitaria spp., Eriochloa spp., Setaria spp.,Pennisetum spp., Eleusine spp., Eragrostis spp., Panicum spp., Loliumspp., Brachiaria spp., Leptochloa spp., Avena spp., Cyperus spp.,Axonopris spp., Sorghum spp., and Melinus spp.

Particular examples of monocotyledonous harmful plants species on whichthe herbicidal combinations and compositions according to the presentinvention act efficiently are selected from amongst the species Hordeummurinum, Echinochloa crus-galli, Poa annua, Bromus rubens L., Bromusrigidus, Bromus secalinus L., Digitaria sanguinalis, Digitariainsularis, Eriochloa gracilis, Setaria faberi, Setaria viridis,Pennisetum glaucum, Eleusine indica, Eragrostis pectinacea, Panicummiliaceum, Lolium multiflorum, Brachiaria platyphylla, Leptochloa fusca,Avena fatua, Cyperus compressus, Cyperus esculentes, Axonopris offinis,Sorghum halapense, and Melinus repens.

In a preferred embodiment, the herbicidal combinations and compositionsaccording to the present invention are used to control monocotyledonousharmful plant species, more preferably monocotyledonous plants of thespecies Echinochloa spp., Digitaria spp., Setaria spp., Eleusine spp.and Brachiarium spp.

Examples of dicotyledonous harmful plants on which the herbicidalcombinations and compositions according to the present invention actefficiently are from amongst the genera Amaranthus spp., Erigeron spp.,Conyza spp., Polygonum spp., Medicago spp., Mollugo spp., Cyclospermumspp., Stellaria spp., Gnaphalium spp., Taraxacum spp., Oenothera spp.,Amsinckia spp., Erodium spp., Erigeron spp., Senecio spp., Lamium spp.,Kochia spp., Chenopodium spp., Lactuca spp., Malva spp., Ipomoea spp.,Brassica spp., Sinapis spp., Urtica spp., Sida spp, Portulaca spp.,Richardia spp., Ambrosia spp., Calandrinia spp., Sisymbrium spp.,Sesbania spp., Capsella spp., Sonchus spp., Euphorbia spp., Helianthusspp., Coronopus spp., Salsola spp., Abutilon spp., Vicia spp., Epilobiumspp., Cardamine spp., Picris spp., Trifolium spp., Galinsoga spp.,Epimedium spp., Marchantia spp., Solanum spp., Oxalis spp., Metricariaspp., Plantago spp., Tribulus spp., Cenchrus spp. Bidens spp., Veronicaspp., and Hypochaeris spp.

Particular examples of dicotyledonous harmful plants species on whichthe herbicidal combinations and compositions according to the presentinvention act efficiently are selected from from amongst the speciesAmaranthus spinosus, Polygonum convolvulus, Medicago polymorpha, Mollugoverticillata, Cyclospermum leptophyllum, Stellaria media, Gnaphaliumpurpureum, Taraxacum offi cinale, Oenothera laciniata, Amsinckiaintermedia, Erodium cicutarium, Erodium moschatum, Erigeron bonariensis(Conyza bonariensis), Senecio vulgaris, Lamium amplexicaule, Erigeroncanadensis, Polygonum aviculare, Kochia scoparia, Chenopodium album,Lactuca serriola, Malva parviflora, Malva neglecta, Ipomoea hederacea,Ipomoea lacunose, Brassica nigra, Sinapis arvensis, Urtica dioica,Amaranthus blitoides, Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus hybridus,Amaranthus lividus, Sida spinosa, Portulaca oleracea, Richardia scabra,Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Calandrinia caulescens, Sisymbrium irio,Sesbania exaltata, Capsella bursa pastoris, Sonchus oleraceus, Euphorbiamaculate, Helianthus annuus, Coronopus didymus, Salsola tragus, Abutilontheophrasti, Vicia benghalensis L., Epilobium paniculatum, Cardaminespp, Picris echioides, Trifolium spp., Galinsoga spp., Epimedium spp.,Marchantia spp., Solanum spp., Oxalis spp., Metricaria matriccarioides,Plantago spp., Tribulus terrestris, Salsola kali, Cenchrus spp., Bidensbipinnata, Veronica spp., and Hypochaeris radicata.

In a preferred embodiment, the herbicidal combinations and compositionsaccording to the present invention are used to control dicotyledonousharmful plant species, more preferably dicotyledonous plants of thespecies Amaranthus spp., Erigeron spp., Conyza spp., Kochia spp. andAbutilon spp.

If the herbicide combinations according to the present invention and thecompositions according to the present invention are appliedpost-emergence to the green parts of the plants, growth likewise stopsdrastically a very short time after the treatment and the weed plantsremain at the growth stage of the point of time of application, or theydie completely after a certain time, so that in this manner competitionby the weeds, which is harmful to the crops, is eliminated at a veryearly point in time and in a sustained manner.

The herbicide combinations according to the present invention and thecompositions according to the present invention are characterized by arapidly commencing and long-lasting herbicidal action. As a rule, therainfastness of the active compounds in the herbicide combinationsaccording to the present invention is advantageous. A particularadvantage is that the dosages of the herbicides (i) and (ii) as definedin the context of the present invention can be adjusted to such a lowquantity that their soil action is low. This also allows them to beemployed in sensitive crops (such as (young) plantation crops). Also,the combination of herbicides (i) and (ii) as defined in the context ofthe present invention allows the application rate of the herbicides (i)and (ii) required to be reduced.

In particular when the herbicide combinations as defined in the contextof the present invention and the compositions comprising a herbicidecombination as defined in the context of the present invention areemployed application rates may be reduced, a broader spectrum ofbroadleaved weeds and grass weeds maybe controlled, the herbicidalaction may take place more rapidly, the duration of action may belonger, the harmful plants may be controlled better while using onlyone, or few, applications, and the application period which is possibleto be extended.

The abovementioned properties and advantages are of benefit for weedcontrol practice to keep agricultural crops free from undesiredcompeting plants and thus to safeguard and/or increase the yields fromthe qualitative and/or quantitative point of view. These novelcombinations markedly exceed the technical state of the art with a viewto the properties described.

Owing to their herbicidal and plant-growth-regulatory properties, thecompositions according to the present invention can be employed forcontrolling harmful plants in genetically modified crops or cropsobtained by mutation/selection. These crops are distinguished as a ruleby particular, advantageous properties, such as resistances toherbicidal compositions or resistances to plant diseases or causativeagents of plant diseases such as particular insects or microorganismssuch as fungi, bacteria or viruses. Other particular properties relate,for example, to the harvested material with regard to quantity, quality,storability, composition and specific constituents. Thus, for example,transgenic plants are known whose starch content is increased or whosestarch quality is altered, or those where the harvested material has adifferent fatty acid composition.

The present invention also relates to a method of controlling undesiredvegetation (e.g. harmful plants), which comprises applying a herbicidecombination and compositions as defined in the context of the presentinvention or applying a composition as defined in the context of thepresent invention, preferably by the post-emergence method, to harmfulor undesired plants, parts of said harmful or undesired plants, or thearea where the harmful or undesired plants grow, for example the areaunder cultivation.

In the context of the present invention “controlling” denotes asignificant reduction of the growth of the harmful plant(s) incomparison to the untreated harmful plants. Preferably, the growth ofthe harmful plant(s) is essentially diminished (60-79%), more preferablythe growth of the harmful plant(s) is largely or fully suppressed(80-100%), and in particular the growth of the harmful plant(s) isalmost fully or fully suppressed (90-100%).

Thus, in a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for

-   -   controlling undesired plant growth,

and/or

-   -   controlling harmful plants,

comprising the step of applying a combination of herbicides according tothe present invention (preferably in one of the preferred embodimentsdefined herein) or a composition according to the present invention(preferably in one of the preferred embodiments defined herein) onto theundesired plants or the harmful plants, on parts of the undesired plantsor the harmful plants, or on the area where the undesired plants or theharmful plants grow.

The preferred application rates [indicated as g/ha i.e. grams of activeingredient per hectare] of the herbicides (components (i) and (ii)) usedin the context of the present invention as defined herein are asfollows.

In a preferred method for controlling undesired plant growth and/or forcontrolling harmful plants, the total amount per hectare per Gregoriancalendar year of component (i) is

in the range from 300 to 1,000, preferably 400 to 800 g/ha, if (i) isglufosinate (and/or agronomically acceptable salts thereof) and if thecrop in which the undesired plants are controlled is a row crop such assoybeans, corn, canola, cotton, cereals or rice;

in the range from 150 to 500, preferably 200 to 400 g/ha, if (i) isL-glufosinate (and/or agronomically acceptable salts thereof) and if thecrop in which the undesired plants are controlled is a row crop such assoybeans, corn, canola, cotton, cereals or rice;

in the range from 300 to 6,000, preferably 400 to 3,000 g/ha, if (i) isglufosinate (and/or agronomically acceptable salts thereof) and if thecrop in which the undesired plants are controlled is speciality cropsuch as fruits, vegetables or other permanent specialty or plantationcrops such as trees, nuts, vines, ornamentals, oil palm, banana, rubber,sugarcane and the like; and

in the range from 150 to 3,000, preferably 200 to 1,500 g/ha, if (i) isL-glufosinate (and/or agronomically acceptable salts thereof) and if thecrop in which the undesired plants are controlled is a speciality cropsuch as fruits, vegetables or other permanent specialty or plantationcrops such as trees, nuts, vines, ornamentals, oil palm, banana, rubber,sugarcane and the like.

In another preferred method for controlling undesired plant growthand/or for controlling harmful plants, the total amount per hectare perGregorian calendar year of component (ii) is

in the range from 0.1 to 10, preferably 0.3 to 3 g/ha, if the crop inwhich the unde-sired plants are controlled is a row crop such assoybeans, corn, canola, cotton, cereals or rice; and

in the range from 0.1 to 60, preferably 0.3 to 12 g/ha, if the crop inwhich the unde-sired plants are controlled is a speciality crop such asfruits, vegetables or other permanent specialty or plantation crops suchas trees, nuts, vines, ornamentals, oil palm, banana, rubber, sugarcaneand the like.

In a particularly preferred method for controlling undesired plantgrowth and/or for controlling harmful plants,

the total amount per hectare per Gregorian calendar year of component(i) is in the range from 300 to 1,000, preferably 400 to 800 g/ha, andthe total amount per hectare per Gregorian calendar year of component(ii) is in the range from 0.15 to 10, preferably 0.4 to 3 g/ha, if (i)is glufosinate (and/or agronomically acceptable salts thereof) and ifthe crop in which the undesired plants are controlled is a row crop suchas soybeans, corn, canola, cotton, cereals or rice;

the total amount per hectare per Gregorian calendar year of component(i) is in the range from 150 to 500, preferably 200 to 400 g/ha, and thetotal amount per hectare per Gregorian calendar year of component (ii)is in the range from 0.1 to 10, preferably 0.3 to 3 g/ha, if (i) isL-glufosinate (and/or agronomically acceptable salts thereof) and if thecrop in which the undesired plants are controlled is a row crop such assoy-beans, corn, canola, cotton, cereals or rice;

the total amount per hectare per Gregorian calendar year of component(i) is in the range from 300 to 6,000, preferably 400 to 3,000 g/ha, andthe total amount per hectare per Gregorian calendar year of component(ii) is in the range from 0.1 to 60, preferably 0.3 to 12 g/ha, if (i)is glufosinate (and/or agronomically acceptable salts thereof) and ifthe crop in which the undesired plants are controlled is a specialitycrop such as as fruits, vegetables or other permanent specialty orplantation crops such as trees, nuts, vines, ornamentals, oil palm,banana, rubber, sugarcane and the like; and

the total amount per hectare per Gregorian calendar year of component(i) is in the range from 150 to 3,000, preferably 200 to 1,500 g/ha, andthe total amount per hectare per Gregorian calendar year of component(ii) is in the range from 0.1 to 60, preferably 0.3 to 12 g/ha, if (i)is L-glufosinate (and/or agronomically acceptable salts thereof) and ifthe crop in which the undesired plants are controlled is a specialitycrop such as fruits, vegetables or other permanent specialty orplantation crops such as trees, nuts, vines, ornamentals, oil palm,banana, rubber, sugarcane and the like

These lower amounts of component (ii) pyraflufen-ethyl are particularlysuitable to achieve the surprising and desired aspects (III), (IV)and/or (V) mentioned above in the con-text of the present invention.

In a preferred method for controlling undesired plant growth and/or forcontrolling harmful plants, the total amount per hectare per Gregoriancalendar year of component (i) L-glufosinate and the agronomicallyacceptable salts thereof does not exceed 1000 g, and preferably does notexceed 900 g.

In many cases it is preferred in the context of a method for controllingundesired plant growth, and/or for controlling harmful plants accordingto the present invention that the total amount per hectare per Gregoriancalendar year of component (i) L-glufosinate and the agronomicallyacceptable salts thereof does not exceed 750 g, more preferably does notexceed 600 g, and even more preferably does not exceed 480 g.

In a preferred method for controlling undesired plant growth and/or forcontrolling harmful plants, the total amount per hectare per Gregoriancalendar year of component (ii) pyraflufen-ethyl does not exceed 30 g,and preferably does not exceed 25 g.

These lower amounts of component (ii) pyraflufen-ethyl are particularlysuitable to achieve the surprising and desired aspects (c), (d) and/or(e) mentioned above in the context of the present invention.

In a particularly preferred method for controlling undesired plantgrowth and/or for controlling harmful plants, the total amount perhectare per Gregorian calendar year of component (i) L-glufosinate andthe agronomically acceptable salts thereof does not exceed 900 g (andpreferably does not exceed 600 g), and the total amount per hectare perGregorian calendar year of component (ii) pyraflufen-ethyl does notexceed 25 g.

In a particularly preferred method for controlling undesired plantgrowth and/or for controlling harmful plants, the total amount perhectare per Gregorian calendar year of component (i) L-glufosinate andthe agronomically acceptable salts thereof does not exceed 750 g(preferably does not exceed 600 g, and more preferably does not exceed480 g), and the total amount per hectare per Gregorian calendar year ofcomponent (ii) pyraflufen-ethyl does not exceed 24 g.

In a preferred method for controlling undesired plant growth and/or forcontrolling harmful plants, the total amount per hectare per Gregoriancalendar year of component (i) glufosinate and the agronomicallyacceptable salts thereof does not exceed 1,000 g, and preferably doesnot exceed 800 g.

In a preferred method for controlling undesired plant growth and/or forcontrolling harmful plants, the total amount per hectare per Gregoriancalendar year of component (i) L-glufosinate and the agronomicallyacceptable salts thereof does not exceed 500 g, and preferably does notexceed 400 g.

In a preferred method for controlling undesired plant growth and/or forcontrolling harmful plants, the total amount per hectare per Gregoriancalendar year of component (ii) pyraflufen-ethyl does not exceed 10 g,and preferably does not exceed 3 g.

These lower amounts of component (ii) pyraflufen-ethyl are particularlysuitable to achieve the surprising and desired aspects (c), (d) and/or(e) mentioned above in the context of the present invention.

In a particularly preferred method for controlling undesired plantgrowth and/or for controlling harmful plants, the total amount perhectare per Gregorian calendar year of component (i) glufosinate and theagronomically acceptable salts thereof does not exceed 1,000 g (andpreferably does not exceed 800 g), and the total amount per hectare perGregorian calendar year of component (ii) pyraflufen-ethyl does notexceed 10 g (and preferably does not exceed 3 g).

In a particularly preferred method for controlling undesired plantgrowth and/or for controlling harmful plants, the total amount perhectare per Gregorian calendar year of component (i) L-glufosinate andthe agronomically acceptable salts thereof does not exceed 500 g (andpreferably does not exceed 400 g), and the total amount per hectare perGregorian calendar year of component (ii) pyraflufen-ethyl does notexceed 10 g (and preferably does not exceed 3 g).

Preferably, the combinations of herbicides according to the presentinvention as defined herein or the compositions according to the presentinvention as defined herein are applied in a method for controllingundesired plant growth and/or for controlling harmful plants onpermanent crops and/or on permanent crop land. Preferably, the permanentcrops in the context of the present invention are plantation crops, andpreferably are selected from the group consisting fruit crops andorchard crops (preferably fruit trees, citrus trees, mango trees, olivetrees, grape vines, coffee, cocoa, tea, and berries (such asstrawberries, raspberries, blueberries and currants)), Musaceae sp.crops (for example banana or plantain crops), nut trees (preferablyalmond trees, walnut trees, pistachio trees, pecan trees, hazelnuttrees), oil palm trees, rubber trees, sugarcane and cotton. Even morepreferably, the permanent crops in the context of the present inventionare those mentioned above as even more preferred permanent crops,particularly preferably, the permanent crops in the context of thepresent invention are those mentioned above as particularly preferredpermanent crops. The inventive mixtures can be converted into customarytypes of agrochemical mixtures, e. g. solutions, emulsions, suspensions,dusts, powders, pastes, granules, pressings, capsules, and mixturesthereof. Examples for mixture types are suspensions (e.g. SC, OD, FS),emulsifiable concentrates (e.g. EC), emul¬sions (e.g. EW, EO, ES, ME),capsules (e.g. CS, ZC), pastes, pas-tilles, wettable powders or dusts(e.g. WP, SP, WS, DP, DS), pressings (e.g. BR, TB, DT), gran-ules (e.g.WG, SG, GR, FG, GG, MG), insecticidal articles (e.g. LN), as well as gelformulations for the treatment of plant propagation materials such asseeds (e.g. GF). These and further mix-tures types are defined in the“Catalogue of pesticide formulation types and international codingsystem”, Technical Monograph No. 2, 6th Ed. May 2008, CropLifeInternational.

The individual formulation types are known in principle and aredescribed for example, in: Winnacker-Küchler, “Chemische Technologie”,Volume 7, C. Hauser Verlag Munich, 4^(th) Edition, 1986; van Valkenburg,“Pesticide Formulations”, Marcel Dekker N.Y., 1973; K. Martens, “SprayDrying Handbook”, 3rd Ed. 1979, G. Goodwin Ltd. London.

The formulation auxiliaries required, such as inert materials,surfactants, solvents and other additives are also known and aredescribed, for example, in Watkins, “Handbook of Insecticide DustDiluents and Carriers”, 2nd Ed., Darland Books, Caldwell N.J.; H. v.Olphen, “Introduction to Clay Colloid Chemistry”; 2nd Ed., J. Wiley &Sons, N.Y. Marsden, “Solvents Guide”, 2nd Ed., Interscience, N.Y. 1950;McCutcheon's, “Detergents and Emulsifiers Annual”, MC Publ. Corp.,Ridgewood N.J.; Sisley and Wood, “Encyclopedia of Surface ActiveAgents”, Chem. Publ. Co. Inc., N.Y. 1964; Schönfeldt,“Grenzflächenaktive Äthylenoxidaddukte” [Surface-active ethylene oxideadducts], Wiss. Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1976, Winnacker-Küchler,“Chemische Technologie”, Volume 7, C. Hauser Verlag Munich, 4^(th)Edition 1986.

The mixtures are prepared in a known manner, such as described by Molletand Grubemann, Formulation technology, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 2001; orKnowles, New developments in crop protection product formulation, AgrowReports DS243, T&F Informa, London, 2005.

Herbicidal formulations comprising glufosinate or salts thereof (such asglufosinate-ammonium), are well known in the art, for example, from EP0048436, EP 0336151 A2, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,258,358, 5,491,125, US2005/0266995 A1, US 2005/0266998 A1, US 2005/266999 A1, US 2007/0184982A1 or US 2008/0045415 A1, and such formulations are suitable in thecontext of the present invention.

Examples of general suitable formulation auxiliaries are listed hereinbelow.

Suitable auxiliaries are solvents, liquid carriers, solid carriers orfillers, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, wetters, adjuvants,solubilizers, penetration enhancers, protective colloids, adhesionagents, thickeners, humectants, repellents, attractants, feedingstimulants, compatibilizers, bac-tericides, anti-freezing agents,anti-foaming agents, colorants, tackifiers and binders.

Suitable solvents and liquid carriers are water and organic solvents,such as mineral oil fractions of medium to high boiling point, e.g.kerosene, diesel oil; oils of vegetable or animal origin; ali-phatic,cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, e. g. toluene, paraffin,tetrahydronaphthalene, alkylat-ed naphthalenes; alcohols, e.g. ethanol,propanol, butanol, benzylalcohol, cyclo¬hexanol; glycols; DMSO; ketones,e.g. cyclo¬hexanone; esters, e.g. lactates, carbonates, fatty acidesters, gam-ma-butyrolactone; fatty acids; phosphonates; amines; amides,e.g. N-methylpyrrolidone, fatty acid di¬methylamides; and mixturesthereof.

Suitable solid carriers or fillers are mineral earths, e.g. silicates,silica gels, talc, kaolins, limestone, lime, chalk, clays, dolomite,diatomaceous earth, bentonite, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate,magnesium oxide; polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, starch; fertilizers,e.g. ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas;products of vegetable origin, e.g. cereal meal, tree bark meal, woodmeal, nutshell meal, and mixtures thereof.

Suitable surfactants are surface-active compounds, such as anionic,cationic, nonionic and am-photeric surfactants, block polymers,polyelectrolytes, and mixtures there¬of. Such surfactants can be used asemulsifier, dispersant, solubilizer, wetter, penetration enhancer,protective colloid, or adjuvant. Examples of surfactants are listed inMcCutcheon's, Vol. 1: Emulsifiers & Deter-gents, McCutcheon'sDirectories, Glen Rock, USA, 2008 (International Ed. or North AmericanEd.).

Suitable anionic surfactants are alkali, alkaline earth or ammoniumsalts of sulf¬onates, sulfates, phosphates, carboxylates, and mixturesthereof. Examples of sulf¬onates are alkylarylsulfonates,diphenylsulfonates, alpha-olefin sulfonates, lignine sulfonates,sulfonates of fatty acids and oils, sulfonates of ethoxylatedalkylphenols, sulfonates of alkoxylated arylphenols, sulfonates ofcon-densed naphthalenes, sulf¬onates of dodecyl- and tridecylbenzenes,sulfonates of naphthalenes and alkyl¬naphtha¬lenes, sulfosuccinates orsulfosuccinamates. Examples of sulfates are sulfates of fatty acids andoils, of ethoxylated alkylphenols, of alcohols, of ethoxylated alcohols,or of fatty acid esters. Examples of phosphates are phosphate esters.Examples of carboxy¬lates are alkyl carboxylates, and carboxylatedalcohol or alkylphenol ethoxylates.

Suitable nonionic surfactants are alkoxylates, N-substituted fatty acidamides, amine oxides, es-ters, sugar-based surfactants, polymericsurfactants, and mixtures thereof. Examples of alkox-ylates arecompounds such as alcohols, alkylphenols, amines, amides, arylphenols,fatty acids or fatty acid esters which have been alkoxylated with 1 to50 equivalents. Ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide may be employedfor the alkoxylation, preferably ethylene oxide. Examples ofN-substituted fatty acid amides are fatty acid glucamides or fatty acidalkanolamides. Examples of esters are fatty acid esters, glycerol estersor monoglycerides. Examples of sugar-based sur-factants are sorbitans,ethoxylated sorbitans, sucrose and glucose esters oralkylpolyglucosides. Examples of polymeric surfactants are home- orcopolymers of vinylpyrrolidone, vinylalcohols, or vinylacetate.

Suitable cationic surfactants are quaternary surfactants, for examplequaternary am¬monium compounds with one or two hydrophobic groups, orsalts of long-chain primary amines. Suitable amphoteric surfactants arealkylbetains and imidazolines. Suitable block polymers are blockpolymers of the A-B or A-B-A type comprising blocks of poly¬ethyleneoxide and polypropylene oxide, or of the A-B-C type comprising alkanol,poly¬ethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide. Suita-ble polyelectrolytesare polyacids or polybases. Examples of polyacids are alkali salts ofpoly-acrylic acid or polyacid comb polymers. Examples of polybases arepolyvinylamines or polyeth-yleneamines.

Suitable adjuvants are compounds, which have a neglectable or even nopesticidal activity themselves, and which improve the biologicalperformance of the inventive mixtures on the target. Examples aresurfactants, mineral or vegetable oils, and other auxiliaries. Furtherexamples are listed by Knowles, Adjuvants and additives, Agrow ReportsDS256, T&F Informa UK, 2006, chapter 5.

Suitable thickeners are polysaccharides (e.g. xanthan gum,carboxymethylcellu¬lose), anorganic clays (organically modified orunmodified), polycarboxylates, and silicates.

Suitable bactericides are bronopol and isothiazolinone derivatives suchas alkyliso¬thiazolinones and benzisothiazolinones.

Suitable anti-freezing agents are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol,urea and glycerin.

Suitable anti-foaming agents are silicones, long chain alcohols, andsalts of fatty acids.

Suitable colorants (e.g. in red, blue, or green) are pigments of lowwater solubility and water-soluble dyes. Examples are inorganiccolorants (e.g. iron oxide, titan oxide, iron hexacyanoferrate) andorganic colorants (e.g. alizarin-, azo- and phthalocyanine colorants).

Suitable tackifiers or binders are polyvinylpyrrolidons,polyvinylacetates, polyvinyl alcohols, pol-yacrylates, biological orsynthetic waxes, and cellulose ethers.

Examples for mixture types and their preparation are:

i) Water-soluble concentrates (SL, LS)

10-60 wt % of an inventive mixture and 5-15 wt % wetting agent (e.g.alcohol alkoxylates) are dissolved in water and/or in a water-solublesolvent (e.g. alcohols) ad 100 wt %. The active substance dissolves upondilution with water.

ii) Dispersible concentrates (DC)

5-25 wt % of an inventive mixture and 1-10 wt % dispersant (e. g.polyvinylpyrrolidone) are dissolved in organic solvent (e.g.cyclohexanone) ad 100 wt %. Dilution with water gives a dispersion.

iii) Emulsifiable concentrates (EC)

15-70 wt % of an inventive mixture and 5-10 wt % emulsifiers (e.g.calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate) are dissolvedin water-insoluble organic sol¬vent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon) ad 100wt %. Dilution with water gives an emulsion.

iv) Emulsions (EW, EO, ES)

5-40 wt % of an inventive mixture and 1-10 wt % emulsifiers (e.g.calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate) are dissolvedin 20-40 wt % water-insoluble organic solvent (e.g. aromatichydrocarbon). This mixture is introduced into water ad 100 wt % by meansof an emulsifying machine and made into a homogeneous emulsion. Dilutionwith water gives an emulsion.

v) Suspensions (SC, OD, FS)

In an agitated ball mill, 20-60 wt % of an inventive mixture arecomminuted with addition of 2-10 wt % dispersants and wetting agents(e.g. sodium lignosulfonate and alcohol eth¬oxylate), 0.1-2 wt %thickener (e.g. xanthan gum) and water ad 100 wt % to give a fine activesubstance sus-pension. Dilution with water gives a stable suspension ofthe active substance. For FS type mix-ture up to 40 wt % binder (e.g.polyvinylalcohol) is added.

vi) Water-dispersible granules and water-soluble granules (WG, SG)

50-80 wt % of an inventive mixture are ground finely with addition ofdisper¬sants and wetting agents (e.g. sodium lignosulfonate and alcoholethoxylate) ad 100 wt % and prepared as water-dispersible orwater-soluble granules by means of technical appliances (e. g.extrusion, spray tower, fluidized bed). Dilution with water gives astable dispersion or solution of the active substance.

vii) Water-dispersible powders and water-soluble powders (WP, SP, WS)

50-80 wt % of an inventive mixture are ground in a rotor-stator millwith addition of 1-5 wt % dispersants (e.g. sodium lignosulfonate), 1-3wt % wetting agents (e.g. alcohol ethoxy¬late) and solid carrier (e.g.silica gel) ad 100 wt %. Dilution with water gives a stable dispersionor solution of the active substance.

viii) Gel (GW, GF)

In an agitated ball mill, 5-25 wt % of an inventive mixture arecomminuted with addition of 3-10 wt % dispersants (e.g. sodiumlignosulfonate), 1-5 wt % thickener (e.g. carboxy¬methylcellulose) andwater ad 100 wt % to give a fine suspension of the active sub¬stance.Dilution with water gives a stable suspension of the active substance.

ix) Microemulsion (ME)

5-20 wt % of an inventive mixture are added to 5-30 wt % organic solventblend (e.g. fatty acid dimethylamide and cyclohexanone), 10-25 wt %surfactant blend (e.g. alcohol ethoxylate and arylphenol ethoxylate),and water ad 100%. This mixture is stirred for 1 h to producespontaneously a thermodynamically stable microemulsion.

x) Microcapsules (CS)

An oil phase comprising 5-50 wt % of an inventive mixture, 0-40 wt %water insoluble organic sol-vent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon), 2-15 wt %acrylic monomers (e.g. methylmethac¬rylate, meth-acrylic acid and a di-or triacrylate) are dispersed into an aqueous solu¬tion of a protectivecolloid (e.g. polyvinyl alcohol). Radical polymerization initiated by aradi¬cal initiator results in the for-mation of poly(meth)acrylatemicrocapsules. Alternatively, an oil phase comprising 5-50 wt % of aninventive mixture according to the invention, 0-40 wt % water insolubleorganic solvent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon), and an isocyanate monomer(e.g. diphenylmethene-4,4′-diisocyanatae) are dispersed into an aqueoussolution of a protective colloid (e.g. polyvinyl alcohol). The additionof a polyamine (e.g. hexamethylenediamine) results in the formation ofpolyurea microcapsules. The mono¬mers amount to 1-10 wt %. The wt %relate to the total CS mixture.

xi) Dustable powders (DP, DS)

1-10 wt % of an inventive mixture are ground finely and mixed intimatelywith solid carrier (e.g. finely divided kaolin) ad 100 wt %.

xii) Granules (GR, FG)

0.5-30 wt % of an inventive mixture is ground finely and associated withsolid carrier (e.g. silicate) ad 100 wt %. Granulation is achieved byextrusion, spray-drying or fluidized bed.

xiii) Ultra-low volume liquids (UL)

1-50 wt % of an inventive mixture are dissolved in organic solvent (e.g.aromatic hydro¬carbon) ad 100 wt %.

The mixtures types i) to xiii) may optionally comprise furtherauxiliaries, such as 0.1-1 wt % bac-tericides, 5-15 wt % anti-freezingagents, 0.1-1 wt % anti-foaming agents, and 0.1-1 wt % color-ants.

The resulting agrochemical mixtures generally comprise between 0.01 and95%, preferably be-tween 0.1 and 90%, and in particular between 0.5 and75%, by weight of active substance. The active substances are employedin a purity of from 90% to 100%, preferably from 95% to 100% (accordingto NMR spectrum).

Solutions for seed treatment (LS), Suspoemulsions (SE), flowableconcentrates (FS), powders for dry treatment (DS), water-dispersiblepowders for slurry treatment (WS), water-soluble powders (SS), emulsions(ES), emulsifiable concentrates (EC) and gels (GF) are usually employedfor the purposes of treatment of plant propagation materials,particularly seeds. The mixtures in question give, after two-to-tenfolddilution, active substance concentrations of from 0.01 to 60% by weight,preferably from 0.1 to 40%, in the ready-to-use preparations.Application can be carried out before or during sowing. Methods forapplying the inventive mixtures and mixtures thereof, respectively, onto plant propagation material, especially seeds include dressing,coating, pelleting, dusting, soaking and in-furrow application methodsof the propagation material. Prefer-ably, the inventive mixtures or themixtures thereof, respectively, are applied on to the plant propagationmaterial by a method such that germination is not induced, e. g. by seeddressing, pelleting, coating and dusting.

The invention also relates to an herbicidal formulation, which comprisesa herbicidally active mixture as defined herein and at least one carriermaterial, including liquid and/or solid carrier materials.

Various types of oils, wetters, adjuvants, fertilizer, ormicronutrients, and further pesticides (e.g. herbicides, insecticides,fungicides, growth regulators, safeners) may be added to the activesubstances or the inventive mixtures com¬prising them as premix or, ifappropriate not until im-mediately prior to use (tank mix). These agentscan be admixed with the inventive mixtures in a weight ratio of 1:100 to100:1, preferably 1:10 to 10:1.

The user applies the mixture according to the invention usually from apredosage device, a knapsack sprayer, a spray tank, a spray plane, or anirrigation system. Usually, the agrochemical mixture is made up withwater, buffer, and/or further auxiliaries to the desired applicationconcentration and the ready-to-use spray liquor or the agrochemicalmixture according to the invention is thus obtained. Usually, 20 to 2000liters, preferably 50 to 400 liters, of the ready-to-use spray liquorare applied per hectare of agricultural useful area.

The inventive mixtures can be applied in conventional manner by usingtechniques as skilled person is familiar with. Suitable techniquesinclude spraying, atomizing, dusting, spreading or watering. The type ofapplication depends on the intended purpose in a well known manner; inany case, they should ensure the finest possible distribution of theactive ingredients according to the invention.

The present invention relates to a method for controlling undesirablevegetation, which method comprises applying an inventive mixture to alocus where undesirable vegetation is present or is expected to bepresent, wherein application can be done before, during and/or after,preferably during and/or after, the emergence of the undesirablevegetation

As used herein, the terms “controlling” and “combating” are synonyms.

As used herein, the terms “undesirable vegetation”, “undesirablespecies”, “undesirable plants”, “harmful plants”, “undesirable weeds”,or “harmful weeds” are synonyms.

The term “locus”, as used herein, means the area in which the vegetationor plants are growing or will grow, typically a field.

It is a particular benefit of the inventive mixtures that they have avery good post-emergence herbicide activity, i.e. they show a goodherbicidal activity against emerged undesirable plants. Thus, in apreferred embodiment of invention, the inventive mixtures are appliedpost-emergence, i.e. during and/or after, the emergence of theundesirable plants. It is particularly advantageous to apply theinventive mixtures post emergent when the undesirable plant starts withleaf development up to flowering. The inventive mixtures areparticularly useful for controlling undesirable vegetation which hasalready developed to a state, which is difficult to control withconventional burndown mixtures, i.e. when the individual weed is tallerthan 10 cm (4 inches) or even taller than 15 cm (6 inches) and/or forheavy weed populations.

In the case of a post-emergence treatment of the plants, the inventivemixtures are preferably applied by foliar application.

If the active compounds I and II are less well tolerated by certain cropplants, application techniques may be used in which the herbicidalcompositions are sprayed, with the aid of the spraying equipment, insuch a way that as far as possible they do not come into contact withthe leaves of the sensitive crop plants, while the active compoundsreach the leaves of undesirable plants growing underneath, or the baresoil surface (post-directed, lay-by). In addition, spray shields may beused.

When using the inventive mixtures in the methods of the presentinvention, the active compounds present in the inventive mixtures can beapplied simultaneously or in succession, where undesirable vegetationmay occur. Herein, it is immaterial whether the individual compoundspresent in the inventive mixtures are formulated jointly or separatelyand applied jointly or separately, and, in the case of separateapplication, in which order the application takes place. It is onlynecessary, that the individual compounds present in the inventivemixtures are applied in a time frame, which allows simultaneous actionof the active ingredients on the undesirable plants.

The invention furthermore relates to the use of a mixture as definedherein for controlling unde-sirable vegetation in crops in a burndownprogram, wherein the crop is produced by genetic en-gineering or bybreeding, are resistant to one or more herbicides and/or pathogens suchas plant-pathogenous fungi, and/or to attack by insects; preferablyresistant to glufosinate.

Thus, in as used in the present invention, the term “crops” as usedherein includes also (crop) plants which have been modified bymutagenesis or genetic engineering in order to provide a new trait to aplant or to modify an already present trait.

Mutagenesis includes techniques of random mutagenesis using X-rays ormutagenic chemicals, but also techniques of targeted mutagenesis, inorder to create mutations at a specific locus of a plant genome.Targeted mutagenesis techniques frequently use oligonucleotides orproteins like CRISPR/Cas, zinc-finger nucleases, TALENs or meganucleasesto achieve the targeting effect.

Genetic engineering usually uses recombinant DNA techniques to createmodifications in a plant genome which under natural circumstances cannotreadily be obtained by cross breeding, mu-tagenesis or naturalrecombination. Typically, one or more genes are integrated into thegenome of a plant in order to add a trait or improve a trait. Theseintegrated genes are also referred to as transgenes in the art, whileplant comprising such transgenes are referred to as transgenic plants.The process of plant transformation usually produces severaltransformation events, which differ in the genomic locus in which atransgene has been integrated. Plants comprising a specific transgene ona specific genomic locus are usually described as comprising a specific“event”, which is referred to by a specific event name. Traits whichhave been introduced in plants or have been modified include inparticular herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, in-creased yield andtolerance to abiotic conditions, like drought.

Herbicide tolerance has been created by using mutagenesis as well asusing genetic engineer-ing. Plants which have been rendered tolerant toacetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor herbicides by conventional methodsof mutagenesis and breeding comprise plant varieties commerciallyavailable under the name Clearfield®. However, most of the herbicidetolerance traits have been created via the use of transgenes.

Herbicide tolerance has been created to glyphosate, glufosinate, 2,4-D,dicamba, oxynil herbicides, like bromoxynil and ioxynil, sulfonylureaherbicides, ALS inhibitor herbicides and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvatedioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors, like isoxaflutole and mesotrione.

Transgenes which have been used to provide herbicide tolerance traitscomprise: for tolerance to glyphosate: cp4 epsps, epsps grg23ace5,mepsps, 2mepsps, gat4601, gat4621 and goxv247, for tolerance toglufosinate: pat and bar, for tolerance to 2,4-D: aad-1 and aad-12, fortolerance to dicamba: dmo, for tolerance to oxynil herbicies: bxn, fortolerance to sulfonylurea herbicides: zm-hra, csr1-2, gm-hra, S4-HrA,for tolerance to ALS inhibitor herbicides: csr1-2, for tolerance to HPPDinhibitor herbicides: hppdPF, W336 and avhppd-03.

Transgenic corn events comprising herbicide tolerance genes are forexample, but not excluding others, DAS40278, MON801, MON802, MON809,MON810, MON832, MON87411, MON87419, MON87427, MON88017, MON89034, NK603,GA21, MZHG0JG, HCEM485, VCO-Ø1981-5, 676, 678, 680, 33121, 4114, 59122,98140, Bt10, Bt176, CBH-351, DBT418, DLL25, MS3, MS6, MZIR098, T25,TC1507 and TC6275.

Transgenic soybean events comprising herbicide tolerance genes are forexample, but not excluding others, GTS 40-3-2, MON87705, MON87708,MON87712, MON87769, MON89788, A2704-12, A2704-21, A5547-127, A5547-35,DP356043, DAS44406-6, DAS68416-4, DAS81419-2, GU262, SYHTØH2, W62, W98,FG72 and CV127.

Transgenic cotton events comprising herbicide tolerance genes are forexample, but not exclud-ing others, 19-51a, 31707, 42317, 81910,281-24-236, 3006-210-23, BXN10211, BXN10215, BXN10222, BXN10224,MON1445, MON1698, MON88701, MON88913, GHB119, GHB614, LLCotton25, T303-3and T304-40.

Transgenic canola events comprising herbicide tolerance genes are forexample, but not exclud-ing others, MON88302, HCR-1, HCN10, HCN28,HCN92, MS1, MS8, PHY14, PHY23, PHY35, PHY36, RF1, RF2 and RF3.

Insect resistance has mainly been created by transferring bacterialgenes for insecticidal proteins to plants. Transgenes which have mostfrequently been used are toxin genes of Bacillus spec. and syntheticvariants thereof, like cry1A, cry1Ab, cry1Ab-Ac, cry1Ac, cry1A.105,cry1F, cry1Fa2, cry2Ab2, cry2Ae, mcry3A, ecry3.1Ab, cry3Bb1, cry34Ab1,cry35Ab1, cry9C, vip3A(a), vip3Aa20. However, also genes of plant originhave been transferred to other plants. In particular genes coding forprotease inhibitors, like CpTI and pinII. A further approach usestransgenes in order to produce double stranded RNA in plants to targetand downregulate insect genes. An example for such a transgene isdvsnf7.

Transgenic corn events comprising genes for insecticidal proteins ordouble stranded RNA are for example, but not excluding others, Bt10,Bt11, Bt176, MON801, MON802, MON809, MON810, MON863, MON87411, MON88017,MON89034, 33121, 4114, 5307, 59122, TC1507, TC6275, CBH-351, MIR162,DBT418 and MZIR098.

Transgenic soybean events comprising genes for insecticidal proteins arefor example, but not excluding others, MON87701, MON87751 and DAS-81419.

Transgenic cotton events comprising genes for insecticidal proteins arefor example, but not ex-cluding others, SGK321, MON531, MON757, MON1076,MON15985, 31707, 31803, 31807, 31808, 42317, BNLA-601, Event1, COT67B,COT102, T303-3, T304-40, GFM Cry1A, GK12, MLS 9124, 281-24-236,3006-210-23, GHB119 and SGK321.

Increased yield has been created by increasing ear biomass using thetransgene athb17, being present in corn event MON87403, or by enhancingphotosynthesis using the transgene bbx32, being present in the soybeanevent MON87712.

Crops comprising a modified oil content have been created by using thetransgenes: gm-fad2-1, Pj.D6D, Nc.Fad3, fad2-1A and fatb1-A. Soybeanevents comprising at least one of these genes are: 260-05, MON87705 andMON87769.

Tolerance to abiotic conditions, in particular to tolerance to drought,has been created by using the transgene cspB, comprised by the cornevent MON87460 and by using the transgene Hahb-4, comprised by soybeanevent IND-00410-5.

Traits are frequently combined by combining genes in a transformationevent or by combining different events during the breeding process.Preferred combination of traits are herbicide tolerance to differentgroups of herbicides, insect tolerance to different kind of insects, inparticular tolerance to lepidopteran and coleopteran insects, herbicidetolerance with one or several types of insect resistance, herbicidetolerance with increased yield as well as a combination of herbicidetolerance and tolerance to abiotic conditions.

Plants comprising singular or stacked traits as well as the genes andevents providing these traits are well known in the art. For example,detailed information as to the mutagenized or integrated genes and therespective events are available from websites of the organizations“International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications(ISAAA)” (http://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase) and the “Center forEnvironmental Risk Assessment (CERA)”(http://cera-gmc.org/GMCropDatabase), as well as in patent applications,like EP3028573 and WO2017/011288.

The use of inventive mixtures on crops may result in effects which arespecific to a crop comprising a certain gene or event. These effectsmight involve changes in growth behavior or changed resistance to bioticor abiotic stress factors. Such effects may in particular compriseenhanced yield, enhanced resistance or tolerance to insects, nematodes,fungal, bacterial, mycoplasma, viral or viroid pathogens as well asearly vigour, early or delayed ripening, cold or heat tolerance as wellas changed amino acid or fatty acid spectrum or content.

Furthermore, plants are also covered that contain by the use ofrecombinant DNA techniques a modified amount of ingredients or newingredients, specifically to improve raw material produc-tion, e.g.,potatoes that produce increased amounts of amylopectin (e.g. Amflora®potato, BASF SE, Germany).

As already described in more detail above, the present invention furtherrelates to the use of combination of herbicides according to the presentinvention (preferably in one of the preferred embodiments definedherein) or a composition according to the present invention (preferablyin one of the preferred embodiments defined herein) in the field ofagriculture, in particular as plant growth regulators and/or forcontrolling harmful plants or undesired plant growth.

The examples which follow illustrate the invention without imposing anylimitation.

EXAMPLES

As shown in the biological examples herein below, for example thefollowing harmful plants or undesired plants are controlled in a moreeffective and superior manner by application of the herbicidalcombinations and compositions according to the present invention whencompared to (L-)glufosinate alone: Bassia scoparia.

Synergism can be described as an interaction where the combined effectof two or more compounds is greater than the sum of the individualeffects of each of the compounds. The presence of a synergistic effectin terms of percent control, between two mixing partners (X and Y) canbe calculated using the Colby equation (Colby, S. R., 1967, CalculatingSynergistic and Antagonistic Responses in Herbicide Combinations, Weeds,15, 21-22):

$E = {X + Y - \frac{XY}{100}}$

When the observed combined control effect is greater than the expected(calculated) combined control effect (E), then the combined effect issynergistic.

The following tests demonstrate the control efficacy of compounds,mixtures or compositions of this invention on specific crop and weedyplants. Weeds included Kochia (Bassia scoparia). However, the herbicidaleffect afforded by the compounds, mixtures or compositions is notlimited to these species. The analysis of synergism or antagonismbetween the mixtures or compositions was determined using Colby'sequation.

Test Method:

Pots with 0.3 L of volume were filled with soil (SunGro Horticulture,Agawam, Mass. 01001) to grow one plant per pot in the greenhouse untilthe desired developmental stage. Environmental conditions inside thegreenhouse were set up for 25° C., 75% relative humidity, and 12 h lightday⁻¹ with natural sunlight or 500 μmol m⁻¹ s⁻¹ PAR for cloudy days.Glufosinate applications were always performed in full sunlight toachieve maximum activity. The test period extended to 2 to 21 days aftertreatment. During this time, the plants were tended, and their responseto the individual treatments was evaluated. The evaluation was carriedout by visual control using a scale from 0 to 100. 100 means noemergence of the plants or complete destruction of at least theabove-ground parts, and 0 means no damage, or normal course of growth.Data shown are the mean of three replications.

Products:

Glufosinate: 280 g a/l SL formulation

Pyraflufen-ethyl: 25 g a/l EC

Weeds in the Study:

Common Name Scientific Name Kochia Bassia scopariaPost Emergence Treatment with the Mixture of Glufosinate withPyraflufen-Ethyl

Herbicidal activity Application rate in against Kochia g ai/ha (21 DAT)Glufosinate Pyraflufen Found Calculated 420 — 25 — — 0.2 32 — 420 0.2 8049

1. A herbicide combination comprising (i) glufosinate, L-glufosinate, oran agronomically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) pyraflufen-ethyl,wherein a ratio by weight of the total amount of component (i) is atleast 100 times more than a total amount of component (ii) in case of(i) being glufosinate, and is at least 50 times more than the totalamount of component (ii) in case of (i) being L-glufosinate.
 2. Theherbicide combination according to claim 1, wherein the ratio by weightof the total amount of component (i) to the total amount of component(ii) is from 3000:1 to 100:1 in case of (i) being glufosinate.
 3. Theherbicide combination according to claim 2, wherein the ratio by weightof the total amount of component (i) to the total amount of component(ii) is from 1500:1 to 250:1 in case of (i) being glufosinate.
 4. Theherbicide combination according to claim 1, wherein the ratio by weightof the total amount of component (i) to the total amount of component(ii) is from 1500:1 to 50:1 in case of (i) being L-glufosinate.
 5. Theherbicide combination according to claim 4, wherein the ratio by weightof the total amount of component (i) to the total amount of component(ii) is from 750:1 to 125:1 in case of (i) being L-glufosinate.
 6. Acomposition comprising the herbicide combination according to claim 1,wherein the total amount of component (i) is from 100 to 600 g/L, basedon the total amount of the composition.
 7. The composition comprisingthe herbicide combination according to claim 6, wherein a total amountof component (ii) is in the range of from 0.03 to 6 g/L, in case of (i)being glufosinate, and in the range of from 0.7 to 12 g/L, in case of(i) being L-glufosinate, and in each case based on the total amount ofthe composition.
 8. The composition comprising the herbicide combinationaccording to claim 6, wherein the total amount of component (i) is inthe range of from 100 to 600 g/L, and the total amount of component (ii)is in the range of from 0.03 to 6 g/L, in case of (i) being glufosinate,or the total amount of component (ii) is in the range of from 0.7 to 12g/L, in case of (i) being L-glufosinate, and in each case based on thetotal amount of the composition.
 9. The composition comprising theherbicide combination according to claim 6, and one or more furthercomponents selected from the group consisting of formulationauxiliaries, additives customary in crop protection, and furtheragrochemically active compounds.
 10. The composition according to,wherein the composition is in the form of a suspension concentrate (SC),oil dispersion (OD), or in form of microcapsules.
 11. A method forproducing a herbicide combination as defined in claim 1, comprising (a)providing component (i), (b) providing component (ii), and (c) combiningcomponent (i) and component (ii), such that the herbicide combination isobtained.
 12. A method for controlling undesired plant growth, and/orcontrolling harmful plants, comprising applying a herbicide combinationas defined in claim 1 onto the undesired plants or the harmful plants,on parts of the undesired plants or the harmful plants, or on the areawhere the undesired plants or the harmful plants grow.
 13. The methodfor treating or protecting row crops from undesired plants or theharmful plants according to claim 12, wherein the total amount ofcomponent (i) is applied in the range of from 300 to 1000 g/ha, in caseof (i) being glufosinate, or the total amount of component (i) isapplied in the range of from 150 to 500 g/ha, in case of (i) beingL-glufosinate, and the total amount of component (ii) is applied in therange of from 0.1 to
 10. 14. The method for treating or protectingspeciality crops from undesired plants or the harmful plants accordingto claim 12, wherein the total amount of component (i) is applied in therange of from 300 to 6000 g/ha, in case of (i) being glufosinate, or thetotal amount of component (i) is applied in the range of from 150 to3000 g/ha, in case of (i) being L-glufosinate, and the total amount ofcomponent (ii) is applied in the range of from 0.1 to
 60. 15. (canceled)